Advanced Gas Turbine and Centrifugal Compressor Technology Course
The first four days of the course encompasses the design and general operation and maintenance characteristics of gas turbines and centrifugal compressors. The course teaches overall design and operation concepts incorporating basic operation and maintenance problems for gas turbines and centrifugal compressors.
The gas turbine part of the course discusses gas turbines as direct drives for compressors and pumps and cogeneration and combined cycle applications.
An emphasis is placed on providing practical information with minimal theory. This section of the course is aimed at engineers and operational personnel who need a broad-based introduction to practical operation and design considerations of gas turbines and centrifugal compressors. Discussion throughout the course of plant problems with the instructor and amongst the course attendees is encouraged so as to maximize the course experience.
On the fifth day of the course the computation of the performance of gas turbines and centrifugal compressors is discussed. Course participants will be taken through the computations of gas turbine and centrifugal performance tests and the proper correction factors applicable. It is suggested that attendees bring their lap top computers so that sample computations can be carried out in conjunction with the instructor.
Day 1
9:00-10:00am Registration and continental breakfast
10:00am Course commences-5:00pm course ends for the day
Overview of Turbomachines and Turbomachinery Specifications
An overview and survey of turbomachines covering both mechanical and performance aspects are made as a foundation for the rest of the course. Major characteristics are accounted for in the selection of turbomachines, such as the layout, environment and arrangement, including general mechanical and aerothermal characteristics of turbomachines. Various API Codes covering compressors, gas turbines, gears, lubrication and instrumentation will be discussed. An emphasis is placed on specifying and designing for maximum reliability.
Compressor Sizing and Selection
This section describes the general purchasing procedures and types of compressor information to be considered, especially those described in API 617, in the selection of re-injection and pipeline compressors.
DAY 2
8:30am Continental breakfast
9:00am Course commences-5pm Course ends for the day
Centrifugal Compressors - Surge and Surge Detection
This section deals with an in-depth analysis of centrifugal compressor design and analysis. Discussion of the impeller design as it affects pre-rotation at the inlet as well as slip conditions at the exit are discussed in detail. Design parameters as applicable to surge and choke margins are fully analyzed. Losses in the impeller and diffuser are described. Description of surge and methods of detecting and controlling this phenomenon are discussed here. Both static and dynamic surge detection devices are studied. Control aspects and practical considerations are discussed.
Rotor Dynamics and Bearings
Vibration theory for free and forced systems is discussed. Effects of damping are presented. Application of theory to rotating machinery including critical speed analysis is discussed. Special emphasis is given on instability problems with high performance compressors. Problems of journal bearings, tilting pad bearings, pressure dam bearings and squeeze film damper bearings are dealt with in detail. Also discussed are problems with thrust bearings of various types. Problems of misalignment, oil whip and rub are discussed. Application problems with non-contact and various types of face seals are discussed.
DAY 3
8:30am Continental breakfast
9:00am Course commences-5pm course ends for the day
Gas Turbine Technology
In this section, various types and sizes of gas turbines used in the petrochemical industry are discussed, with their classifications by size and application. Comparisons are made between industrial and aircraft derivative types of gas turbines. Methods of increasing cycle efficiency and the output power are also discussed. An overview of fuels and materials considerations will be made. State of the art developments in gas turbine technology will also be reviewed. High temperature turbines in cogeneration and combined cycle applications and other developments are covered.
Cycles and Power Augmentation of Gas Turbines
Methods of increasing cycle efficiency and the output power are studied, such as inlet evaporative and refrigeration cooling, interstage cooling, water and steam injection. State of the art developments in gas turbine technology are reviewed, especially the characteristics of operating gas turbines over a large operating range while maximizing the performance of the entire system.
Axial Flow Compressors and Turbines
Key aerothermodynamic considerations are covered including cycle analysis of gas turbines and centrifugal compressors. Gas turbine performance calculations will also be covered. This section also covers mechanical, performance and aerodynamic aspects of gas turbines. Radial inflow turbines are also discussed. Practical aspects as related to gas turbines are emphasized in the discussion.
DAY 4
8:30am Continental breakfast
9:00am Course commences-5pm course ends for the day
Combustors, Materials Coatings and Fuels
A description of types of combustors, chamber design, fuel atomization, ignition and combustor arrangements are presented. Metallurgical aspects of gas turbine blading, turbine wheel alloys, future materials and gas turbine coatings are discussed. The stress-time behavior of materials is also covered. Common failure modes and cases are presented. Sulphidation properties, specifications, fuel treatments and heavy fuel operation are also discussed.
Coatings as applied to both the hot section components and the compressor will be discussed from both a life and performance point of view.
Fuels
Discussion on various types of fuels will be conducted from natural gas to heavy fuel oil to low BTU gas. The behavior of the gas turbines on these different fuels will be studied as to their effect on gas turbine performance including the effect on gas turbine compressor surge and on the heat recovery unit as well as on duct burners if used in the system.
Instrumentation
An overview of instruments used for monitoring and diagnostics of TurboMachinery is presented. Instrumentation covered includes pressure, temperature, flow, vibration, torque, etc. Real-time analysis, balancing, instrumentation, signal tape recorders, and various types of analyzers will be discussed.
Maintenance
Case histories of various types of failures and maintenance problems of onshore and offshore gas turbine compressor installations are discussed. Maintenance techniques using borescope and spectrum analysis, including acoustic monitoring are discussed. Techniques for checking and conducting repairs on impellers, diffusers, bearings and foundation repairs are emphasized.
DAY 5
8:30am Coffee
9:00am Course commences-5pm course ends for the day
Detailed Performance Testing Computations for Centrifugal Compressor and Gas Turbines
Performance computations will be as per ASME codes PTC 19.1, and 22. Techniques for computing performance of the advanced gas turbines in design and off design operation will be studied. Most new advanced gas turbines operate at very high turbine firing temperatures. Thus variation in this firing temperature significantly affects the performance and life of the components in the hot section of the turbine. The compressor pressure ratio is high which leads to a very narrow operation margin, thus making the turbine very susceptible to compressor fouling. The pressure drop through the air filter and dirty compressors also results in major deterioration of the performance of the turbine, thus emphasis will be placed on this computation.
Centrifugal Compressor computations will be carried out as per ASME PTC 10. This code deals with both the field test as well as the closed loop tests at the factory. The three classifications of the test will be examined and the computations compared. Surge points and surge computations will be examined.
It is suggested that attendees bring with them lap top computers so that sample computations can be carried out in conjunction with the instructor.
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in association with
The Boyce Consultancy LLC |
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